What Is PCB Back Drilling? Why Use It?

There are many challenges in the design and manufacture of PCBs, one of which is to ensure signal integrity and high-speed data transfer rates, which are critical for high-frequency PCBs. It is worth mentioning that PCB back drilling can effectively solve this problem. In this article, we aim to give you a thorough overview of the back drilling technique, covering its definition, benefits, and drawbacks, the step-by-step process, and so on. Let’s just dive right in…

What is PCB Back Drilling?

The process of PCB back drilling, also referred to as controlled depth drilling, involves removing the stub in multilayer PCBs to create vias. The aim of back drilling is to facilitate the flow of signals between different layers of the board without interference from unwanted stubs.

To provide a clearer explanation of the back drilling process, let’s consider an example. Suppose there is a 12-layer PCB with a through-hole connecting the first and 12th layers. The aim is to connect only the first layer to the 9th layer, while keeping the 10th to the 12th layers unconnected. However, the unconnected layers create “stubs” that can interfere with the signal path, resulting in signal integrity problems. Back drilling involves drilling out these stubs from the reverse side of the board to improve signal transmission.

So here comes the question: when to use back drilling? It is generally recommended to consider adding the technique when the circuit track on the PCB board has signals with a rate of ≥1Gbps. However, designing high-speed interconnection links is a complex system engineering task, and other factors such as the chip’s drive capability and the length of the interconnection links should also be considered. Therefore, the system interconnection link simulation is the most dependable approach to determine whether back drilling is required or not.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Back Drilling

Advantages

• Back drilling helps to reduce signal attenuation, ensuring a stronger and more reliable signal. Additionally, this technique helps to minimize the impact of stubs on impedance matching, which in turn reduces EMI/EMC radiation.
• Back drilling is also an effective way to prevent signal distortion issues. Via stubs are well-known for causing deterministic jitter, which can result from signal crosstalk, EMI, and noise. By removing these stubs, back drilling can help to eliminate the sources of deterministic jitter, improving signal quality and preventing signal distortion issues.
• Back drilling helps to minimize crosstalk between vias.
• By implementing back drilling, the deterministic jitter in your signal can be reduced, which can result in a decrease in the overall bit error rate (BER)of the signal.
• Reduced excitation of resonance modes. l
• Minimize the usage of buried and blind vias to simplify PCB production.
• Minimal impact on design and layout.
• Expanded channel bandwidth;
• Lower costs can be achieved compared to sequential laminations.

Disadvantages

One disadvantage of back drilling is that it is only appropriate for high-frequency boards with a frequency range between 1GHz and 3GHz and that do not have feasible blind vias. Additionally, a special technique must be used to prevent any harm to the traces and planes located laterally to the hole in the backboard.

The Process of Back Drilling

1. The printed circuit boardis drilled to create via holes that connect multiple layers of the board.
2. Apply a dry film to seal thepositioning holes before plating.
3. Plate the holes with copper to create a conductive path.
4. Create outer layer graphics on the plated PCB.
5. After the outer layer pattern is created, graphic plating is carried out on the PCB. Before this process, it is important to perform dry film sealing treatment on the positioning holes.
6. To perform back drilling, the positioning hole used in the initial drilling process is used for alignment, and a drill is utilized to back drill the electroplated holes that require this process.
7. After the back drilling, it is necessary to wash the board to remove any remaining drill chips that may be present in the back drilling.
8. Inspect the board to verify that the back drilling process was performed accurately and that the signal integrity has been enhanced.

Design Tips for PCB Back Drilling

To ensure proper back drilling, it is necessary to provide the PCB board manufacturer with separate output files containing the back-drill layers, along with the specifications detailing which layers require corresponding back drilling. The diameter of the back drilling holes should be at least 0.2mm larger than the diameter of the first drill holes, and the distance between the back drilling through the layer and the trace should be 0.35mm for the first drill and 0.2mm for the back drilling. During PCB stack-up design, the dielectric thickness should be considered to avoid drilling into traces that should not be drilled. If drilling is required for a specific layer (such as layer “L”), the dielectric thickness between the adjacent layers that do not require drilling and layer “L” should be at least 0.2mm.

In addition, to optimize the back drilling process, it’s important to minimize the number of via stubs and avoid blind vias. Placing vias in less critical areas and maintaining a minimum distance between back drill holes and signal traces can also help prevent signal reflection and other issues. Keeping back drill hole diameters small is important to avoid damaging traces and planes lateral to the backboard hole. Additionally, considering back drilling during the initial design phase can help ensure that necessary steps are taken to optimize signal integrity and prevent problems during the manufacturing process.

Challenges of Back Drilling Process

1. Back drilling depth control
   Controlling the depth of back drilling is essential for processing blind vias accurately. The tolerance of back drilling depth is mainly influenced by the accuracy of the back drilling equipment and the medium thickness tolerance. However, external factors such as the drill’s resistance, drill tip angle, contact effect between the cover board and measuring unit, and board warpage can also affect the accuracy of back drilling. During production, it’s important to select appropriate drilling materials and methods to achieve the best results and control the accuracy of back drilling. By carefully controlling the depth of back drilling, designers can ensure high-quality signal transmission and prevent signal integrity issues.
2. Back drilling accuracy control
   Accurate control of back drilling is crucial for the quality control of PCB in subsequent processes. Back drilling involves secondary drilling based on the hole diameter of the primary drill, and the accuracy of the secondary drilling is critical. Several factors, including board expansion and contraction, equipment accuracy, and drilling methods, can affect the accuracy of the secondary drilling coincidence. Therefore, it’s important to ensure precise control of the back drilling process to minimize errors and ensure optimal signal transmission and integrity.

Conclusion

As an important method to ensure PCB signal integrity, back drilling is widely used in the PCB manufacturing process. Hope you can better understand and use this technology after reading this blog. If you have other questions, you can contact us and talk to one of our experts. As a leading PCB manufacturer in China, MOKO Technology has all the PCB expertise and skills needed to help you.